Baltimore Fact Sheet - PWID2024

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs-Baltimore HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2024

PWID2024 Surveillance Report Overdose Addendum

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men-Baltimore HIV Behavioral Surveillance Special Report, 2023

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs-Baltimore HIV Behavioral Surveillance Special Report, 2022

HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Heterosexually Active Adults at Increased Risk for HIV Infection — Baltimore HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2019

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs — Baltimore HIV Behavioral Surveillance Injection Drug Use, 2018

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men — Baltimore HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2017

The Critical Role of Community-Based National HIV Behavioral Surveillance in the United States’ Response to HIV. Glick, Sara N.; Al-Tayyib, Alia; Wilson, Erin C. et al.
In: AIDS and behavior, 2026. 10.1007/s10461-025-05027-9

Racial Disparities in HIV Prevalence, Testing, and Care Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Baltimore from 2008 to 2023: Fifteen Years of HIV Behavioral Surveillance. German D, Gribbin M, Spencer L, Burrell J Jr, Kennedy K, Flynn C. AIDS Behav. 2026 Feb 19. doi: 10.1007/s10461-026-05031-7. Epub ahead of print. 10.1007/s10461-026-05031-7

Changes in stimulant use over time among men who have sex with men in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. 2008-2023. German D, Nassau T, Yenokyan K, Li X, Bornstein S, Drezner K, et al. (2026). AIDS Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-026-05098-2.

Racial disparities in HIV prevalence, testing, and care among men who have sex with men in Baltimore from 2008 to 2023: fifteen years of HIV behavioral surveillance. German D, Gribbin M, Spencer L, Burrell Jr J, Kennedy K, Flynn C (2026). AIDS and Behav, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-026-05031-7

Factors associated with the awareness of and willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, Baltimore, MD, 2017–2019. King H, Thorton N, Evans K, Tadfor Y, German D, Flynn C, Jennings J, Fields EL (2025). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025 Apr; 12(2):1202-1215. PMID: 38436888

Sexual behavior stigma among cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in nine NHBS cities across the United States: Burden and associations with PrEP continuum and HIV care continuum outcomes. Wiginton JM, Murray SM, Anderson BJ, Sey K, Ma Y, Flynn CP, German D, Hiuggins E, Menza TW, Orellana ER, Sanz S, Hasan NA, Al Tayab A, Kienzie J, Shields G, Lopez Z, Wermuth P, Baral SD (2025). Stigma and Health 10(1):95-106. PMID: 39935519

Strategies and considerations for forming and managing community advisory boards from health research with transgender and nonbinary communities. Malik M, Aqil A, Glick J, Black A, brevelle J-M, Baker K, Restar A, Gribbin M, Flynn C, German D, (2025). Health Equity, Volume 9.1, 2025. doi:10.1177/24731242251371568

Assessing the state of published research concnering COVID-19 and transgender and nonbinary people in the United States. Glick JL, Wiegand AA, Kennedy KS, Gribbin M, Restar A, Flynn CP, German D. (2025). LGBT Health, 2025 Jul;12(5):313-328. PMID: 39835969

Exploring HIV risk among sexual minority women by identity and behavior in a population-based sample of low-income heterosexually active women. Glick JL, Baugher AR, Morris E, German D, Alexander KA, Cha S, Sionean C, NHBS Study Group (2025). LGBT Health, 12(5):350-362. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2024.0098

Xylazine exposure highly associaetd with overdose outcomes among people who inject drugs in Baltimore. German D, Gengerg B, Sugarman O, Saloner B, Glick J, Sawyer A, Gribbin M, Flynn C (2024). Harm Reduction Journal, 2024 Jan 22;21(1):18. PMID: 38254198

Injection behaviors and use of syringe service programs over time among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland. German D, Glick JL, Yenokyan K, Genberg B, Sawyer A, Gribbin M, Flynn C (2024). Substance Use & Misuse, VOL. 59, No. 5, 651–664. PMID: 38115628

Type of exchange sex and associated behaviors and outcomes among cisgender men and women at increased risk for HIV via heterosexual transmission in six U.S. metropolitan areas. Lipira LE, Glick JL, German D, Glick SN, Moreno C, Elimam D (2023). Archives of Sexual Behavior (2023) 52:3313–3327. PMID: 37612535

Metrics of sexual behavior stigma among cisgender men who have sex with men in 9 cities across the United States.‍ Wiginton JM, Murray SM, Augstinavicious J, Maksut JL, Anderson BJ, Sey K, Ma Y, Flynn CP, German D, Higgins E, Menza TW, Orellana EF, Flynn AB, Al-Tayyib A, Kienzle J, shields G, Lopez Z, Wermuth P, Baral SD. (2022). ‍ American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 191, Issue 1, January 2022, Pages 93–103. PMID: 34664625

An application of agent-based modeling to explore the impact of decreasing incarceration rates and increasing drug treatment access on sero-discordant partnerships among people who inject drugs.
Linton SL, Des Jarlais DC, Ornstein JT, Kasman M, Hammond R, Kianian B, Smith JC, Wolfe ME, Ross Z, German D, Flynn C, Raymond HF, Klevens RM, Spencer E, Schacht JM, Finlayson T, Paz-Bailey G, Wejnert C, Cooper HLF. (2021). International Journal of Drug Policy. Volume 94; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103194

Physical and sexual intimate partner violence and psychological distress among injection drug users in Baltimore. German, D., Dejman, M., Salimi, Y., Murray, S., Assari, S., Bass, J., ... & Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. (2021). Violence and Gender, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2020.0056

Social stability relates cosial conditions to the syndemic of sex, drugs, and violence. Moen M, German G, Storr C, Friedmann E, Flynn C, Johantgen M. (2020).  J Urban Health Jun;97(3):395-405. PMID: 32382938

Understanding the HIV epidemic among MSM in Baltimore: a modelling study estimating the impact of past HIV interventions and who acquired and contributed to infections. Silhol R, Boily MC, Dimitrov D, German D, Flynn C, Farley JE, Gelman M, Hughes JP, Donnell D, Adeyeye A, Remien RH, Beyrer C, PazBailey G, Wejnert C, Mitchell KM. (2020). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
Volume 84, Number 3, July 1, 2020. PMID: 32141958

Association of enacted stigma with depressive symptoms among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men: Baltimore, 2011 and 2014. Marti-Pastor, M., Ferrer, M., Alonso, J., Garin, O., Pont, A., Flynn, C., & German, D. (2020). LGBT Health, 7(1), 47-59. PMID: 31809226

HIV and employment among Black men who have sex with men in Baltimore. Maulsby C, Parker L, White JJ, Latkin C, Mugavero MJ, Flynn C, German D. (2019). AIDS Care, 2019 Jul 16:1-9. PMID: 31311286

Correlates of exchange sex among a population-based sample of low-income women who have heterosexual sex in Baltimore. Sherman SG, Hast M, Park JN, Deker MR, Flynn C, German D. (2018). AIDS Care, 30(10):1273-1281. PMID:29519143

Impact of providing pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV at clinics for sexually transmitted infections in Baltimore City: an agent-based model. Kasai P, Berry SA, Shah MS, Rosenburg ES, Hoover KW, Gift TL, Chesson H, Pennington J, German D, Flynn CP, Beyrer C, Dowdy DW (2018). Sex Trans Dis. 45(12):791-797. PMID: 29944642

The impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men: an individual-based model.  Kasaie P, Pennington J, Shah MS, Berry SA, German D, Flynn CP, Beyrer C, Dowdy DW (2018). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 75(2):175-183. PMID: 28498144

Healthcare provider contact and pre-exposure prophylaxis in Baltimore men who have sex with men. Raifman JRG, Flynn C, & German D (2017). American J of Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 55-63. PMID: 27662698

Characteristics of Black men who have sex with men in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.: Geographic diversity in socio-demographics and HIV transmission risk. German D, Brady K, Kuo I, Opoku J, Flynn C, Patrick R, Park JN, Adams J, Carroll M, Simmons R, Smith CR, and Davis WW, for the Mid-Atlantic CFAR Consortium (2017). JAIDS. 2017 Jul 1; 75 Suppl 3:S308. doi:10.1097/QAI0000000000001425.

HIV among MSM and heterosexual women in the United States: an ecologic analysis. RaymondHF, Chen Y-H, Neagus A, Riley K, Flynn C, Sey E, Risser J, Padget P, Lalotta M, Schact J-M, Forrest D, Higgins E, Robinson B, Zarwell M, Jia Y, Opoku J, Magnus M, Theirde H, Burt R, German D. (2017). JAIDS, 75 Suppl 3:S276-S280. PMID: 28604428

Awareness and acceptability of pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Baltimore. Fallon SA, Park JN, Ogbue CP, Flynn C, & German D (2016). AIDS Behav, 21(5):1268-1277. PMID: 27873081

The conflation of gender and sex: Gaps and opportunities in HIV data among transgender women and MSM. Poteat T, German D, Flynn C. (2016). Glob Public Health. 2016 ; 11(7-8): 835–848. PMID: 26785751

Potential impact on HIV incidence of increasing viral suppression among HIV-positive MSM in Baltimore: Mathematical modelling for HPTN 078. Mitchell KM, Hoots B, Dimitrov DT, Farley J, Gelman M, German D, Flynn C, Adeyeye A, Remien R, Beyrer C, Paz-Bailey G, Boily MC (2016).  https://www.hptn.org/sites/default/files/2016-10/R4P_slides_KM_078_modelling_181016_FINAL.pdf

Sociodemographic and access-related correlates of healthcare utilization among African-American injection drug users in Baltimore. Maragh-Bass AC, Ogbue CP, Park J, Flynn C, & German D (2016). J of Ethnicity in Substance Use, 16(3):344-362. PMID: 27404977

Low viral suppression and high HIV diagnosis rate among men who have sex with men with syphilis - Baltimore, Maryland. Cooley LA, Pearl ML, Flynn C, Ross C, Hart-Cooper G, Elmore K, Blythe D, Morgan J, Oster AM (2015). Sex Transm Dis, 42(4):226-31. PMID: 25763676

Early HIV infection among men who have sex with men in five cities in the United States. Paz-Bailey G, Smith A, Masciotra S, Zhang W, Bingham T, Flynn C, German D, Al-Tayib A, Magnus M, Lalota M, Owen M. (2015). AIDS Behav, 19(12): 2304-2310. PMID: 25680518

Individual-level and partner-level predictors of newly diagnosed HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men in Baltimore, MD.  Maulsby C, Jain K, Sifakis F, German D, Flynn CP, Holtgrave D (2015). AIDS Behav, 19(5):909-17.  PMID: 25092514

Condomless anal intercourse among heterosexuals at high risk for HIV. German D, Nguyen TQ, Ogbue C, & Flynn C (2015). Sex Transm Dis,42(6):317-23. PMID: 25970308

Uptake of testing for HIV and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Baltimore, Maryland: 2004-2011. Said M, German D, Flynn C, Linton S, Blythe D, Cooley L, . . . Oster A (2015). AIDS Behav, 19(11), 2036-2043. PMID: 26078117

Using Baltimore HIV behavioral surveillance data for local HIV prevention planning. German D, Linton S, Cassidy-Stewart H, Flynn C (2014). AIDS Behav, 18 Suppl 3: S359-69. PMID: 23681696

HIV risk among men who have sex with men only (MSMO) and men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) in Baltimore. Maulsby C, Sifakis F, German D, Flynn CP, Holtgrave D (2013). J of Homosexuality, 60(1):51-68. PMID: 23241201

Smoking, self-reported HIV, and HIV risk behaviors in a respondent driven sample of injection drug users in Baltimore: The BESURE Study. Villanti A, German D, Flynn CP, Sifakis F, Holtgrave D (2012). AIDS Education and Prevention, 24(2): 132-47. PMID: 22468974. 

Partner characteristics and undiagnosed HIV seropositivity among men who have sex with men only (MSMO) and men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) in Baltimore. Maulsby C, Sifakis F, German D, Flynn CP, Holtgrave D (2012). AIDS Behav, 16(3):543-53. PMID: 21964976

Persistently high prevalence and unrecognized HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Baltimore: The BESURE Study. German D, Sifakis F, Maulsby C, Towe VL, Flynn CP, Latkin CA, Celentano DD, Hauck H, Holtgrave DR (2011). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 57(1): 57-87. PMID: 21297479

The geography of heterosexual partnerships in Baltimore City adults. Gindi RM, Sifakis F, Sherman SG, Towe VL, Flynn C, Zenilman JM (2011). Sex Transm Dis, 38(4):260-6. PMID: 20966827

Prevalence of HIV infection and sexual risk behaviors among individuals having heterosexual sex in low income neighborhoods in Baltimore, MD: the BESURE study. Towe VL, Sifakis F, Gindi RM, Sherman SG, Flynn C, Hauck H, Celentano DD (2010). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 53(4):522-8. PMID: 19875965.

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 19 U.S. Cities, 2023. HIV Surveillance Special Report 37. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/162349.

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 20 U.S. Cities, 2022. HIV Surveillance Special Report 35. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html.

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Transgender Women - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 7 U.S. Cities, 2019-2020. HIV Surveillance Special Report 27. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Heterosexually Active Men and Women - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 U.S. Cities, 2019. HIV Surveillance Special Report 26. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 U.S. Cities, 2018. HIV Surveillance Special Report 24. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html.

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 U.S. Cities, 2017. HIV Surveillance Special Report 22. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html.

HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 20 U.S. Cities, 2012. HIV Surveillance Special Report 11. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/surveillance/

Associations of Sex Work Modality Classifications with Condom and Substance Use Behaviors Among Women Who Exchange Sex for Drugs or Money - Four Metropolitan U.S. Cities, 2016. Tinglof KF, Handanagic S, Bain R, Baughman AL, Lutnick A, Agnew-Brune C; Sex Res. 2026 Feb;63(2):232-240. Epub 2026 Jan 23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2026.2612976

Are we ending the HIV epidemic among persons who inject drugs? : Key findings from 19 U.S. cities, 2022. Baugher AR, Wejnert C, Kanny D, Broz D, Feelemyer J, Hershow RB, Burnett J, Chapin-Bardales J, Haynes M, Finlayson T, Prejean J; NHBS Study Group. (2025). AIDS; doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000004249

Naloxone possession and use among people who inject drugs in Seattle, Washington. Zinsli KA, Banta-Green CJ, Whiteside LK, Hood J, Kingston S, Tinsley J, Moreno C, Glick SN (2025). Int J of Drug Policy, 144:104272. PMID: 38057247

Non-fatal opioid overdose and unmet need for medications for opioid use disorder among recently incarcerated people who inject drugs. Madera-Garcia V, Broz D, Baugher AR, Hershow RB, Dasgupta S, Asher A, Hefferon R, Worthington N, Cha S for the NHBS Study Group (2025). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2025 May 01; 270: 112634. PMID: 40043351.

National trends in co-use of opioids and methamphetamine among people who inject drugs, 2012–2018. Reid MC, Guthrie BL, Hajat A, Glick SN; NHBS Study Group (2025). Drug and Alcohol Depend. Mar 17;271:112630. PMID: 40203668.

Medicaid expansion is not associated with prescription opioid and benzodiazepine misuse among people who inject drugs: A serial cross-sectional observational study using generalized difference-in-differences models.Haley DF, Beane S, Yarbrough CR, Cummings J, Linton S, Ibragimov U, Haardörfer R, Cooper HLF; NHBS Study Group. (2025). J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2025 Apr;171:209639. Epub 2025 Feb 16. PMID: 39965718.

Validity and Reliability of the Kessler 6 Scale for Serious Mental Illness Among Populations with High Burden of HIV. Lewis R, Adams M, Olansky E, Sionean C; NHBS Study Group (2025). AIDS Behav 2025 October ; 29(10): 3141–3148. PMID: 40576922

Comparing socio-demographics and HIV testing and prevention outcomes between low-income HIV-negative heterosexually active Black women and men with health insurance. David R, Baugher AR, Baker AD, Respress E, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2025). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities; 12(3): 1544–1552. PMID: 38744785.

The use of HIV prevention strategies and services reported by Black women with a risk for and with HIV in the United States. Reaves T, Lewis R, Dasgupta S, Hohnson Lyons S, Tie Y, Nair P, Carree T, Hu X, Raiford JL, Marcus R (2025). AIDS Behav, 29:952–975, PMID: 39739217.

Sampling composition and HIV prevention indicator differences using physical vs virtual venue recruitment of men who have sex with men in San Francisco. Chiu I, Tate M, Trujillo D, Suprasert B, Marr A, Arayasirikul S, Wilson EC, Raymond HF, McFarland W (2025) American J Epid, 194, 2650–2658. PMID: 39673252.

Hepatitis C virus infection and co-infection with HIV among persons who inject drugs in 10 U.S. cities—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2018. Chapin-Bardales J, Asher A, Broz D, Teshale E, Mixson-Hayden T, Poe A, Handanagic S, Blanco C, Wejnert C, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance HCV Study Group (2025). Int J Drug Policy; 144(Pt 1): 104387. PMID: 38531730.

HIV testing pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic among persons who inject drugs – National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 19 cities, 2018 and 2022. Hershow RB, Broz D, Faucher L, Feelemyer J, Chapin-Bardales J; NHBS Study Group (2025). AIDS Behav. 2025 Apr:29(4):1400-1405. PMID: 40063204

HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Memphis, Tennessee: an intersectional risk environment analysis of the social determinants of health. Flath N, Marr JH, Sizemore L, Pichon LC, Brandtley M (2025). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 12:361–373. PMID: 38066407.

Intersecting structural and psychosocial conditions: investigating injection drug use and HIV among transgender women. Burnet J, Olansky, E, Baugher AR, Lee K, Callens S, Wejnert C for the NHBS-Trans Study Group (2025). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2025 February 01; 98(2): 123–132. PMID: 39363314

High seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus among cisgender women who exchange sex in the Seattle, Washington area. Barry MP, Corcorran MA, Tsui JI, Moreno C, Buskin SE, Guthrie BL, Glick SN (2024). Substance Use & Addiction Journal; 45(1) 81–90. PMID: 38258855.

Continuing low awareness and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID), San Francisco, 2022. Suprasert B, Tate M, Reagan D, Ruiz R, Gao K, McNaughton K, Miller K, Marr A, Taylor KD, Wilson EC, McFarland W (2024). AIDS Behav, 28:2089–2100. PMID: 38526638.

Xylazine use among people who inject drugs, Philadelphia 2022. Tan M, DO, Nassau T, Kuncio D, Higgins D, Teixeira da Silva, D, Tomlisnon D, Brady K (2024). J Addict Med;18: 194–200. PMID: 38289240.

Assessing consistency of respondent-driven sampling estimators by using repeated surveys among people who Inject drugs in New Jersey. Wang P, Wogayehu A, Bolden B, Ibrahim AR, Raymond HF (2024). AIDS Behav, 28(11): 3819–3835. PMID: 39122905.

Acceptability and anticipated effectiveness of a safe supply of opioids among people who inject opioids in King County, WA. Palayew A, Banta-Green CJ, Lamont M, Damper D, Moreno C, Goodreu SM, Mooney SJ, Glick SN. (2024). Int J Drug Policy, 127:104389. PMID: 38522176.

Assessing reliability of naive respondent-driven sampling samples by using repeated surveys among people who inject drugs (PWID) in New Jersey. Wang P, Wogayehu A, Bolden B, Ibrahim AR, Raymond HF (2024). Ann Epidemiol, 94: 100–105. PMID: 38719178.

Disparities in HIV testing and PrEP awareness for Black women who inject drugs in San Francisco, California. Brookins T, Reagan D, Tate M, Suprsert B, Taylor KD, Ruiz R, Miller K, Wilson EC, McFarland W (2024). AIDS Behav, 28:2410–2413. PMID: 38642211.

HIV and hepatitis C virus infection and co-infection among trans women in San Francisco, 2020. Chiu I, Cano D, Leathers M, Turner CM, Trujillo D, Sicro S, Arayasirikul S, Taylor KD, Wilson EC, McFarland W. (2024). PLoS ONE 19(9):e0307990. PMID: 39312538.

Past-year HIV testing, current antiretroviral therapy use, and participation in services for people who inject drugs. Sokale I, Wilkerson J, Wermuth P, Atem F, Burnett J, Wejnert C, Khuwaja S, Troisi C, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study (2024). AIDS Behav ; 28(8): 2793–2803. PMID: 38822083.

Unmet need for medication for opioid use disorder among persons who inject drugs in 23 U.S. cities. Handanagic S, Broz D, Finlayson T, Kanny D, Wejnert C, the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2024). Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 257:111251. PMID: 38457965.

Heavy burden of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in San Francisco, 2022. Suprasert B, Tate M, McFarland W, Wilson EC (2024). Int J of Drug Policy, 133:104602. PMID: 39368230.

State medicaid policies governing access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and MOUD treatment use in a large sample of people who inject drugs in 20 U.S. States. Yarbrough CR, Cooper HLF, Beane S, Haardörfer R, Ibragimov U, Haley DF, Linton S, Landes S, Lewis R, Sionean C, Cummings JR, and the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2024). Substance Use & Misuse, 60:4, 531-541. PMID: 39741378.

Association of medicaid expansion with health insurance unmet need for medical care. Cooper H, Beane S, Yarbrough C, Haardörfer R, Ibragimov U, Haley D, Linton S, Beletsky L, Landes S, Lewis R, Peddireddy S, Sionean C, Cummings J, the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2024). Addiction, 2024 Mar;119(3):582-592. PMID: 38053235

Changes in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness and use among males who inject drugs who have sex with men by sexual identity, 19 US urban areas, 2018 & 2022. Eustaquio PC, Burnett J, Prejean J, Chapin-Bardales J, Cha S, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2023). AIDS; 38(15): 2086–2092. PMID: 39229761.

Physical and sexual violence and sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in 22 U.S. cities – National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2017. Freeman JQ, Cha S, Wejnert C, Baugher A; NHBS Study Group. (2023). J Interpers Violence; 2023 Jan; 38(1-2): NP37-NP59. PMID: 35365046

Population-level health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness who inject drugs in U.S. cities. Barocas JA, Nall SK, Axelrath S, Pladsen C, Boyer A, Kral AH, Meehan AA, Savinkina A, Peery D, Bien M, Agnew-Brune C, Goldshear J, Chiang J, Linas BP, Gonsalves G, Bluthenthal RN, Mosites E; NHBS Study Group (2023). JAMA. 2023 May 2;329(17):1478-1486. PMID: 37036716. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.4800

Using serial cross-sectional surveys to create a retrospective nested cohort to determine HIV incidence from 20 U.S. cities 2008-2019. Burnett JC, Broz D, Berg J, Callens S, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2023). AIDS. 2023 Dec1;37(15):2399-2407. PMID: 37702420

Socioeconimic and racial/ethinic spatial polarization and incarceration among people who inject drugs in 19 U.S. metropolitan areas, 2015. Wise A, Kianian B, Chang HH, Linton S, Wolfe ME, Smith J, Tempalksi B, Des Jarlais D, Ross Z, Semaan S, Wejnert C, Sionean C, Cooper HLF; NHBS Study Group (2023). SSM Med Popul Health, 2023 Aug 1;23:101486. PMID: 37635990

Factors associated with exchange sex among cisgender persons who inject drugs: Women and MSM - 23 U.S. cities. Rushmore J, Buchacz K, Broz D, Agnew-Brune CB, Jones MLJ, Cha S; NHBS Study Group (2023). AIDS Behav. 2023 January; 27(1): 51–64. PMID: 37583578

Intimate partner violence, HIV-risk behaviors, and HIV screening among heterosexually active persons at increased risk for infection. Cha S, Adams M, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group. (2023). AIDS Care. 2023 June; 35(6): 867–875. PMID: 35467983

Associations between HIV testing and multilevel stigmas among gay men and other men who have sex with men in nine urban centers across the United States, Dibble KE, Murray SM, Wiginton JM, Maksut JL, Lyons CE, Aggarwal R, Augustinavicius JL, Al‑Tayyib A, Sey EK, Ma Y, Flynn C, German D, Higgins E, Anderson BJ, Menza TW, Orellana ER, Flynn AB, Padgett Wermuth P, Kienzle J, Shields G, and Baral SD (2022). BMC Health Services Research, 22:1179. PMID: 36127682

Prevalence of and racial/ethnic differences in sexuality disclosure among men who have sex with men in 23 U.S. cities— National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2017. Freeman JQ, Trujillo L, Baugher AR; NHBS Study Group. (2022). J HIV AIDS Soc Serv. 2022;21(1):76-89. PMID: 37583578

HIV self-testing and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in 23 U.S. cities, 2017. Bien-Gund CH, Shaw PA, Agnew-Brune C, Baugher A, Brady KA, Cross R; NHBS Study Group (2022). JAMA Network Open, 2022; 5(12):e2247540. PMID: 3653498

A key comprehensive system for biobehavioral surveillance of poulations disproportionately affected by HIV (National HIV Behavioral Surveillance): Cross-sectional survey study. Kanny D, Broz D, Finlayson T, Lee K, Sionean C, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2022). JMIR Health Surveill; 2022; 8(11):e39053. PMID: 36378503

Association between dual partnership and sexual and injecting behaviors among persons who inject drugs in 23 U.S. cities, 2018. Li X, Sullivan P, Broz D, Handanagic D, NHBS Study Group (2022). Arch Sex Behav; 51(5):2667-2678. PMID: 35704143

Black men who have sex with men living in states with HIV criminalization laws report high stigma, 23 U.S. cities, 2017. Baugher AR, Whiteman A, Jeffries WL 4th, Finlaysen T, Lewis R, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2021). AIDS; 2021 Aug 1;35(10):1637-1645. PMID: 34270489

Health care coverage and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among men who have sex with men living in 22 U.S. cities with vs without Medicaid expansion, 2017. Baugher AR, Finlayson T, Lewis R, Sionean C, Whiteman A, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2021). Amer J Pub Health, 2021 Apr;111(4):743-751. PMID: 33476242

Assessing self-reported discrimination among men who have sex with men (MSM). Whiteman A, Baugher A, Sionean C; NHBS Study Group (2021). AIDS, Jan 1;35(1):141-146. PMID: 33048888

Assessment of PrEP awareness, PrEP discussion with a provider, and PrEP use by transmission risk group with an emphasis on the southern United States. Jones JT, Smith DK, Wiener J, August EM, Finlayson T, Wejnert C; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2021). AIDS Behav 2021 Sep;25(9):2985-2991. PMID: 33523345

Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among men who have sex with men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, United States, 2017. McClung N, Burnett J, Wejnert C, Markowitz LE, Meites E; NHBS Study Group (2020). Vaccine, 2020 Nov 3;38(47):7417-7421. PMID: 33046266

Distance matters: The association of proximity to syringe services programs with sharing of syringes and injecting equipment - 17 U.S. cities, 2015. Whiteman A, Burnett J, Handanagic S, Wejnert C, Broz D, NHBS Study Group (2020). Int J Drug Policy Nov;85. PMID: 32920424

HIV injection risk behaviors among HIV-negative people who inject drugs experiencing homelessness, 23 U.S. cities. Marcus R, Cha S, Sionean C, Kanny D; National HIV Behaviora Surveillance Study Group (2020). J Soc Distress Homeless, Mar 6;1(9). PMID: 34744406

Evaluation of rapid testing algorithms for venue-based anonymous HIV testing among non-HIV-positive men who have sex with men, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS), 2017. Whitby S, Smith A, Rossetti R, Chapin-Bordales J, Martin A, Wejnert C, Masciotra S; NHBS Study Group (2020). J Community Health, 2020 Dec;45(6):1228-1235. PMID: 2651767

Serious mental illness among young people who inject drugs: An assessment of injection risks and healthcare use. Adams M, Sionean C, Broz D, Lewis R, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2020). J Infectious Diseases, 222(supp 5):S401-S409. PMID: 32877554

Receptive anal sex contributes substantially to heterosexually-acquired HIV infections among at-risk women in twenty U.S. cities: Results from a modelling analysis. Elmes J, Silhol R, Hess KL, Gedge LM, Nordsletten A, Staunton R, Anton P, Shacklett B, McGowan I, Dang Q, Adimora AA, Dimitrov DT, Aral S, Handanagic S, Paz-Bailey S, Boily M-C; NHBS Study Group (2020). Am J Reprod Immunol, 2020 May 8:e13263. PMID: 32384198

High prevalence of disability and HIV risk among low socioeconomic status urban adults, 17 U.S. cities. Doyle KE, Sionean C, Paz-Bailey G, Hollis ND, Kanny D, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2020). Disabil Health J, Jan;13(1):100834. PMID: 31427202

Changes in characteristics and behavior among African American men who have sex with men and women in the context of reductions in HIV diagnoses among women. Ivy W 3rd, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2020) AIDS Behav Mar;24(3):960-966. PMID: 31073947

Healthcare access and utilization among persons who inject drugs in Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states: 22 United States cities, 2018. Lewis R. Baugher A, Finlayson T, Wejnert C, Sionean C; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Sudy Group (2020). J Infect Dis 222(Supp 5):S420-S428. PMID: 32877551

Self-reported history of chlamydia or gonorrhea testing among heterosexual women at high risk of HIV infection, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2013. Johnson Jones ML, Kirkcaldy RD, An Q, Gorwitz R, Bernstein K, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2019). Sex Trans Dis. 46(9):608-616. PMID: 31415335

Distributive syringe sharing and use of syringe services programs (SSPs) among persons who inject drugs. Adams M, An Q, Broz D, Burnett J, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2019). AIDS Behav 23(12):3306-3314. PMID: 31512066

Factors associated with HIV antiretroviral therapy among men who have sex with men in 20 U.S. cities, 2014. Stein R, Xu S, Williams W, Marano M, Eke A, Finlayson T, Paz-Bailey G, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2019). J Urban Health, 96(6):868-877. PMID: 31512032

Trends in number and composition of sex partners among men who have sex wtih men in the United States, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study, 2008-2014. Chapin-Bardales J, Rosenberg ES. Sullivan PS, Jenness SM, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2019). Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 81(3):257-265. PMID: 31194702

Characteristics of persons who inject drugs with recent HIV infection in the United States: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2012. Chapin-Bardales J, Masciotra S, Smith A, Hoots BE, Martin A, Switzer WM, Luo W, Owen SM, Paz-Bailey G, NHBS Study Group (2019). AIDS Behav 23(12):3277-3285. PMID: 30778809

Undisclosed HIV infection among MSM in a behavioral surveillance study. Hoots BE, Wejnert C, Martin A, Haaland R, Maciotra S, Sionean C, Smith A, Switzer WM, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2019). AIDS, 33(5):p 913-918, April 1, 2019. PMID: 30649053

An innovative approach to assess similiarity between sex partners. An Q, Song R, Finlayson TJ, Sionean C, Wejnert C; NHBS Study Group (2019). AIDS Behav, 2019 Aug;23(8):2190-2198. PMID: 30315430

Self-Reported Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing and Diagnosis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men—20 US Cities, 2011 and 2014. Hoots BE, Torrone EA, Bernstein KT, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(7):469-475.
https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000799

Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for HIV Testing Among Persons Unaware of Their Infection. Prejean J, Wejnert C, Hoots B, Hall HI, McCray E, Mermin J; NHBS Study Group. JAMA. 2018;319(24):2555-2557.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7611

Latent classes of sexual risk behavior and environment in outreach, intervention, and prevention services among women who inject drugs across 20 U.S. cities. Mackesy-Amiti ME, Boodram B, Handanagic S, Paz-Bailey G, Prachand NG, Broz D; NHBS Study Group (2018). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Nov 1;79(3):305-314. PMID: 30044301

Self-reported chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and diagnosis among men who have sex with men in 20 U.S. cities. Hoots B, Torrone EA, Bernstein KT, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2018). Sex Trans Dis, 45(7):469-475. PMID: 29465659

Sex practices by HIV awareness and engagement in the continuum of care among MSM. Whitham HK, Sanson SL, Wejnert C, Finlayson T, Huang YA, An Q, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2018). AIDS Behav, 22(3):840-847. PMID: 29170945

Prevalence of missed opportunities for HIV testing among persons unaware of their infection. Wejnert C, Prejean J, Hoots B, Hall HI, McCray E, Mermin J; NHBS Study Group (2018). JAMA, Jun 26;319(24):2555-2557. PMID: 29946714

Factors associated with obtaining sterile syringes at pharmacies among persons who inject drugs in 20 U.S. cities. Zlotorzynska M, Weidle PJ, Paz-Bailey G, Broz D; NHBS Study Group (2018). Int J Drug Policy, 62:51-58. PMID: 30359873

Identifying which place characteristics are associated with the odds of recent HIV testing in a large sample of people who inject drugs in 19 U.S. metropolitan areas. Tempalski B, Cooper HLF, Kelley ME, Linton SL, Wolfe ME, Chen YT, Ross Z, Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Williams LD, Semaan S, DiNenno E, Wejnert C, Broz D, Paz-Bailey G; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2018). AIDS Behav‍ 2019 February ; 23(2): 318–335. ‍PMID: 29971735

Wejnert C, Prejean J, Hoots B, Hall HI, McCray E, Mermin J; NHBS Study Group. Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for HIV Testing Among Persons Unaware of Their Infection. JAMA. 2018;319(24):2555-2557.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7611

Updated data on linkage to human immuno deficiency virus care and antiretroviral treatment among men who have sex with men - 20 cities, United States. Hoots BE, Finlayson TJ, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Infect Dis, 2017 October 17; 216(7): 808–812. PMID: 28368493

Antiretroviral therapy use among HIV-infected people who inject drugs - 20 cities, United States, 2009-2015.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2017 Jul 1;75 Suppl 3:S392-S396. PMID: 28604444

Exchange Sex and HIV Infection Among Women Who Inject Drugs—20 US Cities, 2009. Nerlander LM, Hess KL, Rose CE, Sionean C, Thorson A, Broz D, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2017 Jul 1;75 Suppl 3:S333-S340. PMID: 28604443

Estimated HIV inter-test interval among people at high risk for HIV infection in the U.S. An Q, Song R, Finlayson TJ, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2017). Am J Prev Med. 2017 Sep;53(3):355-362. PMID: 28336355

Association between enacted stigma and HIV-related risk behavior among MSM, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 2011. Balaji AB, Bowles KE, Hess KL, Smith JC, & Paz-Bailey G (2017). AIDS Behav, 21(1), 227-237. PMID: 27830344.

Injection-related risk behavior and engagement in outreach, intervention and prevention services across 20 U.S. cities. Mackesy-Amiti ME, Boodram B, Spiller MW, Paz-Bailey G, Prachand N, Broz D; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul 1;75 Suppl 3:S316-S324. PMID: 28604433

Syphilis screening and diagnosis among men who have sex with men, 2008-2014, 20 U.S. cities. An Q, Wejnert C, Bernstein K, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul 1;75 Suppl 3: S363-S365. PMID: 28604440

Increasing human papillomavirus vaccine coverage among men who have sex wtih men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, United States, 2014. Oliver SE, Hoots BE, Paz-Bailey G, Markowitz LE, Meites E; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul 1;75 Suppl s:S370-S374. PMID: 28604441

Characteristics and risk behaviors of men who have sex with men and women compared with men who have sex with men - 20 U.S. cities, 2011-2014. Shadaker S, Magee M, Paz-Bailey G, Hoots BE; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul 1;75 Suppl3:S281-S287. PMID: 28604429

Incarceration, sexual risk-related behaviors, and HIV infection among women at increased risk of HIV infection, 20 United States cities. Wise A, Finlayson T, Nerlander L, Sionean C, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul 1; 75Suppl 3:S261-S267. PMID: 28604426

Reductions in HIV diagnoses among African American women: A search for explanations. Ivy W 3rd, Nwangwu-Ike N, Paz-Bailey G,; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Jul 1;75 Suppl 3:S253-S260. PMID: 28604425

Achieving greater HIV prevention impact through CDC’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. Wejnert C, Raymond HF, Robbins T, Prejean J, Hall HI, McCray E, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2017). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul1;75 Suppl 3:s249-S252. PMID: 28604424

Policy changes and improvements in health insurance coverage among MSM, 20 U.S. Cities, 2008-2014. Cooley LA, Hoots B, Wejnert C, Lewis R, Paz-Bailey G, NHBS Study Group (2016) AIDS Behav, 21 (3):615-618. PMID: 27771817. 

Low HIV testing among persons who inject drugs-National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 20 U.S. cities, 2012. Cooley LA, Wejnert C, Spiller MW, Broz D, Paz-Bailey G, for the NHBS Study Group (2016). Drug Alcohol Depen, 165:270-4. PMID: 27323649. 

Racialized risk environments in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States. Cooper HL, Linton S, Kelley ME, Ross Z, Wolfe ME, Chen YT, Zlotorzynska M, Hunter-Jones J, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais D, Semaan S, Tempalski B, DiNenno E, Broz D, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2016). Int J Drug Policy, 27:43-55. PMID: 26342272. 

Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States. Cooper HL, Linton S, Kelley ME, Ross Z, Wolfe ME, Chen YT, Zlotorzynska M, Hunter-Jones J, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Tempalski B, DiNenno E, Broz D, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2016). PLoS One, 11(3):e0150410. PMID: 26974165. 

Prevalence and correlates of heterosexual anal intercourse among men and women, 20 U.S. cities. Hess KL, DiNenno E, Sionean C, Ivy W, Paz-Bailey G, NHBS Study Group (2016). AIDS Behav, 20(12):2966-2975. PMID: 26781872.

Willingness to take, use of, and indications for pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men—20 US cities, 2014. Hoots BE, Finlayson T, Nerlander L, & Paz-Bailey G (2016). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 63(5), 672-677. PMID: 27282710.

Associations of place characteristics with HIV and HCV risk behaviors among racial/ethnic groups of people who inject drugs in the United States. Linton S, Cooper HL, Kelley ME, Kames CC, Ross Z, Wolfe ME, Chen YT, Friedman ST, Des Jarlais D, Semaan S, Tempalski B, Sionean C, DiNenno E, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group (2016.) Ann Epidemiology, 26(9): 619-630.PMID: 27576908.

Exchange sex and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: US cities, 2011. Nerlander LM, Hess KL, Sionean C, Rose CE, Thorson A, Broz D, Paz-Bailey G (2016). AIDS Behav, 21(8):2283-2294. PMID: 27307181.

Age-specific race and ethnicity disparities in HIV infection and awareness among men who have sex with men--20 US cities, 2008-2014. Wejnert C, Hess KL, Rose CE, Balaji A, Smith JC, Paz-Bailey G, & Group NS (2016). J Infectious Diseases, 213(5), 776-783. PMID: 26486637.

Trends in condom use among men who have sex with men in the United States: The role of antiretroviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies. Paz-Bailey G, Mendoza M, Finlayson T, Wejnert C, Le B, Rose C, Raymond HF, Prejean J, for the NHBS Study Group (2016). AIDS Behav, 30(12), 1985-90. PMID: 27149088.

The conflation of gender and sex: gaps and opportunities in HIV data among transgender women and MSM. Poteat T, German D, & Flynn C (2016). Global Public Health, 11(7-8), 835-848. PMID: 26785751.

Increases in recent HIV testing among men who have sex with men coincide with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Expanded Testing Initiative. Cooley LA, Wejnert C, Rose CE & Paz-Bailey G, for the NHBS Study Group (2015). Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60(3), 483-485. PMID: 25352589. 

Early HIV infections among men who have sex with men in five cities in the United States. Paz-Bailey G, Smith A, Masciotra S, Zhang W, Bingham T, Flynn C, German D, Al-Tayyib A, Magnus M, Lalota M, Owen M (2015). AIDS Behav, 19(12):2304-10. PMID: 25680518.

HIV infection among people who inject drugs in the United States: geographically explained variance across racial and ethnic groups. Linton S, Cooper H, Kelley ME, Karnes CC, Ross Z, Wolfe ME, Des Jarlais D, Semaan S, Tempalski B, DiNenno E, Finlayson T, Sionean C, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey, NHBS Study Group (2015) AJPH, 105(12): 2457-2465. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4638266/.

Binge drinking and risky sexual behavior among HIV-negative and unknown HIV status men who have sex with men, 20 US cities. Hess KL, Chavez PR, Kanny D, DiNenno E, Lansky A, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2015). Drug Alcohol Depend, 147:46-52. PMID: 25555622.

Early linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral treatment among men who have sex with men--20 cities, United States, 2008 and 2011. Hoots BE, Finlayson TJ, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2015). PLoS One, 10(7):e0132962. PMID: 26176856. 

Human immunodeficiency virus transmission at each step of the care continuum in the United States. Skarbinski J, Rosenberg E, Paz-Bailey G, et al. (2015). JAMA Intern Med, 175(4):588-596. PMID: 25706928. 

HIV infection among people who inject drugs in the United States: : Geographically explained variance across racial and ethnic groups. Linton S, Cooper H, Kelley ME, Karnes CC, Ross Z, Wolfe ME, Des Jarlais D, Semaan S, Tempalski B, DiNenno E, Finlayson T, Sionean C, Wejnert C, Paz-Bailey, G; NHBS Study Group (2015). AJPH, 105(12):2457-2465. PMID: 26469638

Increases in HIV testing among men who have sex with men – National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 20 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 2008 and 2001. Cooley LA, Oster AM, Rose CE, Wejnert C, Le BC, Paz-Bailey C, for the NHBS Study Group (2014). Plos One, 9(9); e104162. PMID: 25180514.

HPV vaccine coverage among men who have sex with men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, United States, 2011. Meites E, Markowitz LE, Paz-Bailey G, Oster AM; NHBS Study Group (2014). Vaccine. 2014 Nov 12;32(48):6356-9. PMID: 25258097.

Trends in HIV prevalence and HIV testing among young MSM: Five U.S. cities, 1994-2011. Oster A, Johnson C, Le B, Balaji A, Finlayson T, Lansky A, Mermin J, Valleroy L, MacKellar D, Behel S, Paz-Bailey G, YMS Study Group, & NHBS Study Group (2014). AIDS Behav, 18 Suppl 3: S237-47. PMID: 23955658.

Using the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System to inform HIV prevention efforts in the United States. Paz-Bailey G, Raymond HF, Lansky A, Mermin J (2014). AIDS Behav,18 Suppl 3:S233-6. PMID: 24659359.

HIV infection and awareness among men who have sex with men, 20 cities, United States, 2008 and 2011. Wejnert C, Le B, Rose CE, Oster AM, Smith AJ, Zhu J, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2013). PLoS ONE, 8(10). PMID: 24194848

HIV infection and testing among Latino men who have sex with men in the United States: The role of location of birth and other social determinants. Oster AM, Russell K, Wiegand RE, Valverde E, Forrest DW, Cribbin M, LeBC, Paz-Bailey G; NHBS Study Group (2013). PLoS ONE 8(9): e73779. PMID: 24147151

Differences and similarities in HIV testing among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) and men who have sex with men only (MSMO). Maulsby C, Sifakis F, German D, Flynn CP, Holtgrave D (2012). Open AIDS Journal, 6: 53-9. PMID: 22833774.

HIV behavioral surveillance in the U.S.: A conceptual framework. Lansky A, Sullivan PS, Gallagher KM, Fleming PL (2007). Pub Health Rep,122 Suppl 1:16-23. PMID: 17354523.